The Matrix Finding Reality In The Matrix Essay Example For Students

The Matrix Finding Reality In The Matrix Essay Movies are wonderful things; they can inspire, spark debate, and even make you believe in what you are seeing. Virtual Reality is a creation of a highly interactive computer-based multimedia environment in which the user becomes a participant with the computer in a virtually real world. Movies and virtual reality can do the same thing: make you believe what is presented to you. Although there are several movies which use virtual reality in the plot, such as The Lawnmower Man, and Hackers, the one most prevalent to me is The Matrix. Although this movie contains many aspects of virtual reality, it stands out in my mind so much because it suggests that the world in which we live, is a virtual one. The Matrix has many different aspects of virtual reality and they are incorporated throughout the movie. We will write a custom essay on The Matrix Finding Reality In The Matrix specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Virtual reality is involved in this movie in one major way: it suggests that our world is merely a virtual reality program that was created in order to control humans and keep them from the real world, which has been taken over by artificial intelligence who harvest humans for power. The main character in the movie is Gary Anderson, affectionately known to the hacker-world as Neo. He is contacted by people who have escaped the Matrix, and through a series of adventures, joins them. At one point in the movie, Neo goes to a psychic to find out if he is the one person who can save the rest of us from the Matrix. While waiting to see the psychic, Neo encounters a boy, there for the same reason, bending spoons without touching them. He watches and asks how he does it. The boy responds in a typical virtual reality response, concentrate not on the spoon itself, but that there is no spoon. That is how virtual reality works: you can interact with everything in the virtual world, but its not r eally there. Everytime Neo enters the Matrix, a plug is inserted into the back of his head and he is hooked up to machines. Virtual Reality also uses such equipment. Granted, it is not as drastic as having a probe thrust into the back of your head, but there is special equipment needed such as helmets, gloves, and eyephones. The glove is made of thin Lycra and is fitted with sensors that monitor finger flexion, extension, hand position and orientation. It is connected to a computer through fiber optic cables. Sensor inputs enable the computer to generate an on-screen image of the hand that follows the operators hand movements. The glove also has miniature vibrators in the fingertips to provide feedback to the operator from grasped virtual objects. The system allows the operator to interact by grabbing and moving a virtual object within a simulated room while experiencing the feel of the object. The eyephone is a head mounted stereo display that shows a computer-made virtual world in full color and 3D; sound effects are also delivered to the headset increase the realism. With this equipment, a person could believe that they are part of the program in the virtual reality system. The same idea is dealt with in The Matrix. If you die while in The Matrix, you died outside. Even though you know it is not real, your body thinks it is. A similar example would be The Lawnmower Man, a Stephen King movie in which scientists take a mentally retarded man and use virtual reality to try to learn basic things and help him be a normal citizen. Their plan backfires when the man takes over the computer and essentially moves in to the hard drive of the computer. Both of these, The Matrix and The Lawnmower Man, show the possible dangers of virtual reality. This is not a danger when simple playing games with virtual reality. The problem comes when you are incorporated into the virtual world for longer than you are in the real world. The person learns to live in the virtual world an d never wants to leave. This is the danger of becoming too involved with virtual reality, so involved that you believe that you are part of that world. Virtual reality is a powerful thing. It has the power to help us learn, live out fantasies, and even influence our behavior. Movies can do the same. The movie industry is becoming quickly aware of the many advantages to marketing virtual reality. Virtual reality is still an infant; people do not know very much about it and are very curious; The Matrix, is a movie about a kind of virtual reality. Maybe we do live in a Matrix and need to realize that there is no spoon, or maybe we should just keep our feet planted solidly in reality. Works CitedKing, Stephen. The Lawnmower Man, 1992. .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc , .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .postImageUrl , .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc , .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:hover , .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:visited , .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:active { border:0!important; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:active , .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2eaab7310b5d7bdc447621dadc374ebc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Buffalo Springfield EssayThe Matrix. Warner Bros., 1999.

differences in relationship be essays

differences in relationship be essays Differences in Relationship between Young Couples In the past and at present, there has been a new type of relationship called Gig - a casual relationship that both sides do not want things to get serious. It has become a controversy for all kinds of people from conservative people to students of all ages. While arranged marriage is considered unacceptable for young generation today and seems to be vanishing away from society, there are still some similarities in some aspects of this process that is widely known to be used as another option to find a mate such as Internet-dating Company or newspaper matchmaking. However, there are still many differences in relationship between young couples in the past and at present. First of all, the way that a person used in order to find a mate has completely changed from the past. In the past there were only a few ways to find a mate either by an arranged marriage or by destiny. And in case his/her soul mate does not show up, one might have to remain single for the rest of his/her life. So, today instead of waiting for the right one to come, a single person can make use of all the facilities that are available in finding a mate. Media has become another popular option. There are many realities TV shows that have this kind of concept. For example, a TV show called The Bachelor invites an ideal bachelor and provides him with a selection of girls and gives them time to get to know who he would propose to be his bride. The Internet also plays a major role in finding a mate. There are a number of chat rooms that let a person join in and get to know each other or even using the dating service through the Internet. Moreover, it is a very easy process and who knows that ones soul mate might be just a click away. A friend is another important person in this relationship, they can set up a blind date or host a party where his friends can go and...

Refutation in Thelogical Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refutation in Thelogical Religion - Essay Example In Dostoevsky (1880), for example it appears that a refutation of religion does not involve only a refutation of theories regarding God and his kingdom but it necessarily involves a refutation to all possible authorities at once. Dostoevsky finds Nihilism to be the only alternative of religion and thus he supports a religious anarchy as a system which may allow human beings to dwell on earth with a piece that he compares to heavenly kingdom. However, on the other hand, handing over complete political authority to church had already shows threatening result which Dostoevsky himself had seen and considered as a result of political and economical lust in theological authorities which must choose to refute all worldly facilities and charms in order to sit on an authoritative position in religion. Compared to religious view of Dostoevsky, Freud and Sartre- who had borrowed a large part of their theories from Dostoevsky- proposed two analytical alternatives to understand the theory of reli gion. In his Origin of religion, Freud examines the idea for why men must find out a God whatever his situations are.

Strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs Assignment

Strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs - Assignment Example The design is also able to apply selective control on the investigated variables in circumstances where experimental design cannot. The design also has strength in its ability to counter the emerging trend of resistance to randomization. This is particularly applicable when people are involved as participants with consideration of the principle of free consent. While participants would resist randomization into a control group, quasi-experimental design does not involve randomization and is therefore easily acceptable to people. Consequently, sample generation and sampling is easier in a quasi-experimental design (Polit and beck, 2007). Further, the design allows some level of control in the research process that may be used to control expected threats. A researcher can for example control when to collect data to allow room for sufficient treatment effect (Evans and Keenan, 2009). The design, however, has a number of weaknesses. It for example considers many sets of hypotheses that must be investigated by the researcher. This therefore makes it more hectic and probably time consuming than other designs. This is because other possibilities must be explored to consider effects of lack of control. Another significant weakness of the quasi-experimental design, which originates from its lack of a control set up, is its susceptibility to confounds that a researcher cannot explain or account for. In the presence of a control set up, a researcher can identify variations in the control group to make appropriate adjustments to the treatment group and therefore account for the possible confounds. This therefore means that the observed results in the quasi-experimental designs are possibly influenced by confounds. As a result, there is loss of confidence over validity and reliability of results from quasi-experimental designs (Polit and beck,

Contemporary Management issue (Emaad) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Management issue (Emaad) - Essay Example These rules and principles are called ethical theories. Ethics and values differ in that ethics are acquired from philosophical theories while values are acquired informally through valuing process of socialization. For something to be considered to be a value it must have the three key components; freely chosen, the prize and acted upon. Nowadays the world is considered a global market hence the term Globalization which means that business around the world is reduced into borderless units where trade moves freely from border to border. However, globalization has influenced the erosion of business ethics. The global economy can be referred to as the removal of barriers to trade and investments and the unprecedented international mobility of capital. Sustainability is the ability of a business to meet its demand and supply in present and also in future, is an important aspect for business ethics. Businesses need to use resources meaningful so as not to affect future generation needs ( Crane & Matten, 2003). The case under consideration is the case against big tobacco companies i.e. Philip Morris, Reynolds, and Liggett on the safety of their products. These companies are being accused of knowingly selling harmful products such as cigarettes which cause lung cancer to consumers. They advertise their products to the general public especially targeting the youth and hiding the fact that the products are not healthy safe. They have also hindered various meaningful researches to determine the safety of their products and failed to produce freely safe products. Thus, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) gathered evidence and filed a suit against these companies for violating the Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, hence they operated as outlaw companies since 1953. The DOJ also accused the companies of putting up advertisements that showed nicotine was not an addictive substance while they controlled the addictive nature of cigarettes to capture more and more customers. At the end of the assignment the following objectives will have been achieved. A good knowledge base and understanding on the various business ethics and moral issues. The duties of businesses to consumers and the theories involved. Also, discussion of other related theories to duties of organizations to consumers. To develop an international understanding of various business concepts by knowing the various norms and ethics of business involved. Be able to ethically reason when handling business related problems. Organization Duties to Consumers: It is worldwide accepted that businesses premises around the world cannot exist without the consumers. Thus organizations have an important role in ensuring it gives its consumers better and quality goods and services. They should avoid various malpractices like wrong labeling of products, untrue advertisements that are extremely exaggerated, adulteration (that is producing inferior products), and hoarding (hiding goods to create a shortage so as to raise the commodity prices). Consumers also have a right to demand better services and quality goods. The consumers need to be protected also from various businesses malpractices. Notably organizations which take consideration on the consumers usually prosper much than those who do not (Derry et al, 1989). The consumer has the right to choose whether to purchase or not to purchase a given product before examining it. Consumer interests usually

A Generic Supervisory Of ICT Agriculture Information Technology Essay

A Generic Supervisory Of ICT Agriculture Information Technology Essay Agriculture is the most assured engine of development and a reliable key to industrialisation (Ajibola, 2007). It is the basis of development, especially in Africa and other developing countries. Increased in agricultural production is the best way of assessing that development. However, adoption of agricultural technologies is the tool of measuring the levels of achievement and production potentials. Thus, reliable means of improving the living conditions of the farmers. Priorities are therefore attached to the ways of exposing the farmers to current agricultural practices (Mando, 2002). High population increase and excessive competition on limited agricultural and related technologies, mandated various stakeholders to devise the ways of utilising agricultural resources effectively. The appropriate means of achieving that and increase productivity are through involving farmers to various decision making processes, and make them realise the ways of manipulating and combining various techniques that involved both scientific and indigenous knowledge. The use of desirable information technology that enhance horizontal and vertical exchange of ideas among farmers and other related components becomes instrumental towards increased agricultural production and improve the living conditions of the rural people. (Michiels, 2001) have defined ICT as a range of electronic technologies which when converged in new configurations are flexible, adaptable, enabling and capable of transforming organisations and redefining social relations. In related development, (Greenidge, 2003) defined ICT as those technologies that can be used to interlink information technology devices, such as personal computers with communication technologies, such as telephones and their communications . The definitions above, stresses on the need for integrating modern communication technologies with conventional ones, aimed at devising more diversified means of exchanging and sharing of ideas among individuals. However, failed to consider the printed materials, group meetings and workshops, and question and answer service as ICTs that are used frequently, conveniently filled the gaps of impersonal communication and enhances the feedback mechanisms. According to Joseph Schumpter, innovation is simply the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way. A definition that is more appropriate is the application of technological, institutional and human resources and discoveries to productive processes, resulting in new practices, products, markets, institutions and organisation that are improved and efficiency enhancing. (Nigel, 2006).The two generic sources of innovation in agriculture are informal system of experimentation and selection, and formal systems of research and development. These two systems are connected to national and international sector organisations. The bottom line is how to consider the two (2) approaches to innovations, i.e. central and multiple source models. The central source model emphasise on the theoretical and rhetoric concepts of formal agricultural research and extension institutions, where major technical, institutional and social innovations evolved from the syste matic work of international research centres. While the multiple sources of innovation model embrace natural and farmer selections, and considered agricultural research and diffusion processes within various political, economical, institutional and historical context through which technological changes occur. Thus, innovations evolved from various sources of farmers, international centres, extension staff, national research system and non-governmental organisations (Biggs, ). Information and communication technology is an example of private sector innovation of high priority. Agricultural extension/education considered ICT issues as the most important topics for quite a long time. (Poole, 2000) examined the conventional ICTs like radio and television as the most important means of establishing a strong link between the farmers and their respective market demands, which are their major area of interest. And the information gap among the farmers and other beneficiaries are bridged up through providing additional sources by the modern ICTs like satellite, computer, internet service providers and telephone systems. Both ICTs are used for addressing developmental issues and reducing poverty, and are adopted by target audience. Agricultural knowledge sharing created by information flow helps in developing different agricultural sectors. However, there is a significant difference in sharing of information between rural areas and agricultural knowledge centres. Accessibility of information by the targeted audiences are the responsibilities of some stakeholders and intermediary organisations(Stienen, 2007). In earlier and closely related observations by (Kenny, 2000)the accessibility of ICTs by rural people assist in devising a multi-dimensional approaches to technological uptake, poverty eradication and other related developmental issues. While (Skuse, 2001)argued that the use of ICT in addressing such issues, especially poverty eradication, depends to a greater extent on the desirable information content and infrastructural facilities. It is important to appreciate the earlier perceptions of (Chambers, 1997), that, individuals use of information and the reasons for using that information supercedes the infor mation context. He further emphasised that, in rural areas, priorities are attached to policy and decision makers than the end users. Rural areas are therefore deprived by appropriate information, which is important for initiating developmental activities. There is the need to bridge the gap in knowledge and solve some problems through information acquisition. In considering the roles of ICTs in adoption of innovation, it is absolutely necessary to examine the differences in the needs of the rural and urban people, and the benefits derived. ICT uses could be more inclined to rural areas, mainly because of the contributions they provide towards agricultural developments. The roles therefore, provided by ICT in rural areas towards improving their livelihoods are unparallel to other areas. The roles of ICT in adoption of innovation in Nigeria is related to provision of agricultural support services, improving market efficiency and weather forecast, through the use of internet and Global Service Mobile (GSM) phones, which improve farmers production potentials successfully, and reduces social isolation(Pickernell, 2004). Modern ICTs like internet, computer and mobile phones that improves rural banking systems and accessibility to credit facilities were encouraged and approved in Nigeria by the World Summit Information Society (WSIS), 2003 2005 as tools for developing rural communities (Stienen et al., 2007). The applications of ICT in Nigeria are considered vital for revolutionary role in diversification of scientific and indigenous technology. ICT abridged the gap created by geographical and cultural barriers, which are detrimental to agricultural production. Thus, information are shared effectively in post harvest technology, databases, market prices and other related information for immediate and future use, which is achieved by internet, email and world wide web to facilitate communication (Obayelu, 2010). The roles of ICT in adoption of innovation are suppose to first be considered from the integrated point of view, before addressing the roles of individual ICTs. This is particularly important due to the differences in the socio-economic status of the rural people, and the need for encouraging the participatory action community approach, which is user-driven in nature. It is important however, to appreciate the uses of combination of conventional and modern ICTs in adoption processes. To this effect, therefore, the benefits derived from the Telecentres in Nigeria and other developing countries towards exposing the rural people to more diversified ICTs need to be discussed. Kiplang at 2001, defined Telecentre as community-based centre that accommodate ICTs, including fax, telephone, computer based system with internet connection and photocopying. A few telecentres provide additional services such as postal facilities, selling of telephone cards, newspaper and refreshment. The main objectives of establishing telecentres in the rural areas is to eradicate poverty and capacity building among the rural people. Telecentres are used for sharing knowledge among the rural people. It expose the farmers to various agricultural technologies and makes them to adopt the most desirable innovation. Telecentres are widely used in Africa and other developing countries. According to Synman, 2002, South Africa established fifty-six (56) telecentres in the year, 2002 out of the projected one hundred (100) through Universal Service Agency. The average visiting clients were 140 per day, and the clients are from different areas of community-based services, like agricultural extension workers, farmers, teachers and students and health workers. Telecentres are widespread in Uganda, Senegal and Kenya, owned by Governmental and Non-governmental organisations. While some are managed by agricultural research institute, like Ugunja Communication Research Centres in Kenya (Oguya, 2001). Oke-Ogun community development network (OCDN), located in Oyo-State -Nigeria and Fantsuan Foundation ICT in North-Central are two telecentres established in the years, 2003 and 2000 respectively, by the people of those communities, provided only four (40) computers to Ago-Are town, mainly used for training rural people, without telephone services. With the intervention of Pam Mclean from the United Kingdom, internet service provider was installed through internet connection in 2004. Information about agricultural innovations becomes readily available to the farmers in the area. Pam Mclean and Carole utilised the centres, with extensive web site on solar cooking information, which is rich information source, and introduced solar cooking video project which was widely adopted in the area. Participatory action research approach was the research method used. The technology is particularly relevant in minimising deforestation and other environmental problems caused by mining, and excessiv e farming activities on forested lands in Nigeria (Carole, 2005). As earlier emphasised, agricultural information in Nigeria and other developing countries are targeted to rural areas where the farmers lives, so that, their social and economic conditions are favourably improved. To achieve this, Emerald Publishing Group of the United Kingdom established a broad band service knowledge centre in Nigeria in Ihala village of Anambra State, which had a projected population of 20,000 people. The project took up in 2007 mainly for exchange of agricultural ideas among the farmers, aided by volunteer students. Computers with internet services and customised website were installed and monitored. Social interactions, mutual exchange of ideas and information retrieval were enhanced in the village. The project was successful, with up to 61% of the participants utilising the knowledge centre website for socialisation and discussions with farmers. Participatory community approach was effectively used(Ha, 2008). The serious problem facing all the telecentres in Nigeria is poor electricity supply and lack of stability in internet services. This problem is particularly not only in the rural areas, but in the urban counterparts. The unreliable internet connection reduces the efficiency of such telecentres, especially when users are eagerly anticipating urgent response to the ways of combating a disease/pest infestation and immediate call for directions of use for newly introduced package. Farmers in Nigeria have different backgrounds, speak various languages. Standardised ICT usage cannot be applicable to all of them. The variation in the language of communication, coupled with low understanding of English, inhibits effective utilisation of ICTs. It is therefore, recommended that, software translators should be developed for proper ICT use. Linkages of such centre with universities and research institutions are not highly intensified. Only one of the available telecentre in Nigeria (OCDN) is linked through ICT with International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the university of Ibadan for certain project implementations. Combining socialisation and research activities in the same spot, makes the people to inclined more to social related activities than research. Radio is still the frequently used ICTs for adoption of innovation in Nigeria. This can be attributed to its availability than any other conventional or modern ICTs. Various adoption of innovation were successful in Nigeria through the use of radio. Combination of radio, posters, video and global system mobile (GSM) were used, with core extension programs for extending Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) technology in Nigeria and other West African countries. The project realised that, accessibility of the rural people in Nigeria to television was very low, mainly due to inadequate supply of electricity. Radio messages were used during various events of sensitisation, demonstration, follow-up and open the bag. There was a great difference in the adoption rates between villages with and without PICS radio messages. Thus, radio messages had significantly influenced the adoption of PICS sacks in Kano and other Northern states of Nigeria (Moussa, 2009). Posters were also distributed to various stakeholders that are involved in the adoption of PICS technology, which revealed the various stages that can be used for optimal utilisation of PICS technology . A video sketch on the use of the technology in the languages that are easily comprehended by rural people in Nigeria, Niger and Burkina Faso (Hausa and French ) were transferred to the GSM phones through Bluetooth to augment the demonstrations performed in various villages. The use of GSM phones was due to the realisation of the project of the expanded use of those phones in rural areas of Nigeria and other African countries (Moussa, 2009). Integrated ICTs (Radio, posters, video and mobile phones) were used in this project and tremendously increased the rate of adoption of this technology (PICS), thereby increase in the income level of the adopters, when sold the cowpea during lean period, and more importantly improved the health conditions of the people. Radio is the most persistently used conventional/traditional communication medium that is capable of transmitting various information to different set of people(FAO., 2004). According to (Chapman, 2003), radio has the capabilities of reaching farmers, regardless of their educational status and provide relevant information in the language they can understand. They emphasised that, radio is the cheapest means of providing information with exceptional power of linking the modern and conventional technologies for improving the livelihoods of the rural people. (Okwu, 2007) argued that, radio is the most widely appropriate medium used by all research and extension systems to extend messages to rural people, with little intellectualism to reach the remote places that could not be reach by the extension workers. The sensitive assessment of great impact of radio in Nigeria is related to the findings of Iro, 2006 that, radio is the most preferred means of educating pastoral Fulani, which they found portable, even when herding. The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) utilises radio and television to introduce educational and enlighten programmes to Fulani. Educational status of Fulani is still low, despite the programmes aired for educating them, the enrolment pattern of their children in Nomadic schools is very low when compared with children of farmers in the same schools. The possible explanation to this is the nature of their movements from one place to another, which could affect the reception of the radio in some areas. It can also be attributed to lack of clear information about the time when the programmes are to be broadcasted and the content of the language. With all little things taken care of, and increasing level of awareness, educational and enlighten programmes would reduce the Fulani/farmer conflict that is persistently affect agricultural production in Nigeria. However, with all the benefits of radio as conventional ICT in Nigeria, the current status of telecommunication system after the sector has been reformed, is the emergence of many private radio stations. Those radio stations are profit-oriented, attached exorbitant charges to programmes sponsored by Non-governmental organisations, with little or no consideration to agricultural related programmes. While the public radio stations are producer-driven, inclined more to programmes that are satisfying the interest of the government. Television and Video: Are important communication tools, ideals for demonstration of various techniques for easily understanding. They have an additional value of displaying motion pictures, essential for teaching and learning processes. Many farmers are reached and stimulated about the new ideas(Ifran, 2006). When appropriately used, it is a source of reliable information, but most people considered it more as entertainment tools (Kari, 2007). According to (Omotayo, 2005), video has the potentials of using undistorted messages to reach large number of farmers, since it doesnt depend on any reception/coverage patterns. Video could be use to inspire individuals to involve in various planning and implementation stages of agricultural activities. It allows farmers and extension agents to edit and document important events like agricultural shows. Telephone: There was remarkable increased in telephone lines in Nigeria when GSM was introduced in 2001. GSM lines were then 450,000, raised to over 38 million lines in 2007. The teledensity increased accordingly from 0.4 to 24 g/cm3 (Adeyinka, 2009). Telephones are available in either fixed or mobile form. Telephones are the rapidly spread ICT that cover large area in exchange of messages across various agricultural components of farmers, research and extension. According to (Shaibu, 2008) telephones are used by famers to access the agricultural markets conveniently. This helps in having knowledge about real situations in various markets, so as to enhance market efficiency and consistency. It can be integrated with computer for internet connectivity. Telephones are used by farmers to seek for immediate attention of extension agents during disease outbreak or other consultations which are prevented by geographical barriers. Nomadic Fulani are relating efficiently with veterinary assistants through mobile phones as long as there are network coverage. Computers : For agricultural information to be sufficient through web technology, established connection is needed between computers and internet service providers. Such connection is useful for generation, compilation, dissemination and exchange of agricultural information (Zaman, 2002). Internet is therefore used by farmers to realise appropriate agricultural information that can be useful to adopt and utilise various innovations.(Munyau, 2000) explained that, world wide web (www) is used as important tool for creating awareness and providing agricultural information to farmers, while email services complements the www function , through establishing interactive linkages and effective feedback mechanism. High cost of computer hard and soft wares and lack of computer literacy prevent rural people from using computer and other internet services effectively in evaluating relevant information about current technological advancements. THE WAYS ICT HELP RESEARCH AND EXTENSION IN OVERCOMING THE CONSTRAINTS OF ADOPTION OF INNOVATION IN NIGERIA: The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) has divided its agricultural research institutes into five (5) agro-ecological zones, and these zones are liable for effective linkages between research and extension components. There are various senders and receivers of agricultural innovations and ideas that are involved in the communication of agricultural technologies to rural communities. Such communication sources are considered obnoxious when sent to the farmers at a later stage of agricultural production (Obayelu, 2010). There are eighteen (18) agricultural research centres in Nigeria that are solely responsible for improving the local crop varieties and developing new ones that are conducive to the existing farming situations, like rice, sugarcane, cassava, banana, soyabean to mentioned but a few.(Faturoti, 2006). Research and extension components have distinctive functions in agricultural development. The research component is responsible for providing science-based innovations, which is significant for creating the much needed change to agricultural productivity. While the extension components conveyed the innovations to the farmers for adoption, and in turn communicate the results, expectations and problems of the farmers to research component. For the roles of these components to be effective, there should be well coordinated linkage between them, which will enable each component to realise its potentials. In an effort to develop and strengthen these linkages, the FGN established various systems, like On-Farm Adaptive Research (OFAR), Farming System Research (FSR), Small Plot Adoption Techniques (SPAT) and Research- Extension Farmer- Input Linkage system (REFILS). Although, the systems are relevant in providing much needed interaction, the FGN failed to support the linkages financially. There is the need to provide effective means with less cost and highly satisfactory result. This could only be achieved through integrating ICT for reinforcing the linkages (Lawal-Adebowale, 2008). The roles of ICT in augmenting the services of agricultural research are considered significant in adoption of innovation. This can be achieved through ways in which the results of some findings generated by research institutions can be extended to farmers, which is associated with changing agricultural information systems, such that the information about new agricultural innovations can be assessed by farmers through the web-based information systems. This helps in providing access to relevant publications directly. Efficiency of agricultural research could be enhanced by making soft wares that are related to agriculture more readily available. Accessibility of research soft ware is highly intensified in International Agricultural Research Centres. It is particularly important to involve various stakeholders, so that high interactive sessions for improving information generation and utilisation among farmers can be achieved successfully. Agricultural development and improving the quality of peoples life in Nigeria and other developing countries depends to a greater extent on the viability of the nations agricultural research and extension systems (NARES). Investment in NAREs, by the FGN becomes necessary for achieving the much needed progress in agricultural development. World Bank provides sufficient loans to Nigerias agriculture, specifically to Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) and research institutions for effective performance. Nigerian Agricultural extension system passed through various stages of development from commodity focus to professional services which have vision for farmers production potentials. ADPs are available in all States, still the most dignified extension service delivery in Nigeria, involving Local Government staff for carrying out various tasks. REFILS provides the desirable linkages for various stakeholders to interact in generating appropriate technology, assigning responsibilities to the actors involved and strategise the effectiveness of the modified training and visit extension system. Farmers and private sector involvement is still low in technological development and planning of the programme, with strengthen linkage mechanism. NARES and private sector (commercial and NGOs) provides specialised roles in the linkages, while the former is responsible for technological development, the later is engaged in the provision of essential inputs and supply services of credit and marketing. The major partners in REFILS are the National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and the project coordinating unit (PCU). Non-Governmental organisations i.e. profit and non-profit oriented, joined extension services in Nigeria. The non profit oriented are providing extension services in a participatory inclined approach and weak linkages to NARS and public extension services. (NAERLS., 2002) ascertained that, in Nigeria, extension agents are the most effective means through which farmers have information about innovation. Until the intervention of State-wide ADP in 1980, the ratio of extension agent to farmer was 1: 2000, sometimes 1: 3000. They further realised that, the ratio ranges from 1: 848 in South Western zone to 1: 1,650 in North Western zone, with more wider range when it involves women extension agents. The ratio failed to meet the recommendation of FAO of 1:500. This therefore calls of integrating ICTs for cost effective and wider coverage of extension services that can complement the existing usage of ICTs in research and extension to overcome the problems of adoption of innovation. The inclusion of modern ICTs to complement the existing conventional ICTs becomes imperative for making the farmers more knowledgeable about the current agricultural practices for increased in productivity. According to (Arokoyo, 2002), the roles of ICT in research and extension is traced after the establishment of ADP as World Bank assisted project. The strategy utilised the T V extension services in developing effective communication system. It was achieved through the use of mobile cinema vans, moving from one rural area to another, with extension publications that are printed in the languages easily understood by the people. Successful implementation of which led to additional ICTs like radio, video and television in the mobile vans, when the bank increased the assistance. ADPs in various states extends its extension messages through radio and television programmes. National Agricultural Technology Support Project (NATSP) was established by ADP, as one of its second developmental phase in 1996, with Development Support Commission (DSC) units, which increased the viewing facilities. Through NATSP, more radio listening clubs were formed. (NAERLS., 2002) examined that, in the year, 2002, 70% of the states ADPs utilised one or more radio programs to broadcast agricultural information to farmers in their local languages that enhance proper understanding. The findings further revealed that, more than 48% of the ADPs broadcasts are relevant agricultural programmes in the television. The CTA-supported Questions and Answers service in Nigeria used by NAERLS and nine (9) collaborative institution popularly known as Nigerian Question and Answer Service (NAQAS) has revolutionalised the ICT in research and extension. Users of NAQAS are provided with information required through references, factional information referral and advisory services. In a similar development, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in partnership with International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Communication for Change (CFC), NAERLS and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, established the Information and Communication Support (ICS) for agricultural growth in Nigeria, with aim of strengthen capacity of farmer assistance organisations to package and disseminate information to farmers, thus, enhancing information flow(Ogunyinka, 2002). The project was started in eight ADPs states. (Ogunyinka, 2002) emphasised that, the networking in the project involves all the stakeholders and farmer association. The major activity of ICS is establishment of farmer resource centre in each of the eight states. The centres are supposed to have and utilised the following ICTs; Radio and Television, Camera and Video, Computer with internet facilities, Telephone and Fax, Scanner, Photocopier and Printer, Cassette recorder/player, Generator and Lamination and Spiral binding machine. The NAQAS and ICS are established to use ICTs in improve horizontal exchange of ideas among the farmers, thus improving extension services. The information flow focus on the end-users (user-driven), in order to satisfy their needs. Establishing integrated ICTs like NAQAS, ICS and other telecentres are exceptionally significant towards providing a relevant and reliable information to the farmers living in rural areas. It is important to note that, any sustainable information development that entails using modern and conventional ICTs that is not encouraging a strong linkage between research/extension and the farmers should not have a significant impact in agricultural development. In Nigeria, the linkages between extension and farmers is highly intensified, while that, between research and farmers is relatively weak. This can be attributed to the low level of literacy for assessing information easily, on part of the farmers and weak contacts to the farmers, depending on extension component to disseminate information and more emphasis on the managerial activities. The constraints the NAQAS and ICS may likely face is the domination of accessibility of such centres by researchers and other literate individuals in t he communities. The centres are supposed to provide intensive trainings to farmers for proper utilisation of the resources. The sustainability of this and other related projects that are funded by international organisations, tend to terminates if such funding terminates. The Local, State and Federal Governments are expected to consistently monitor and evaluate the activities of such centres for achieving the desired objectives. The status of ICT in agricultural research and extension organisations in South Western Nigeria was assessed by Lawal-A., 2008, analysed that, all the eight agricultural research institutes and six extension organisations except, Osun State ADP, had computers, internet facilities and telephone system. Telex/fax machines were available in four research institutes, and two extension organisations. The result however, shows that, the ICTs were only found in some offices at the headquarters. The research and extension personnel with whom the field works are assigned have little access to such facilities. Adequate ICT infrastructure is necessary for agricultural development and the effect of such development could not be felt with the marginal improvement in ICTs infrastructural facilities (Institute., 2005). Kano State ADP is currently using mobile telephones to call for meetings, workshops and other important information to farmer groups. More than 12,000 farmer groups were formed, each group comprises of 25 members. Focus group discussion and use of existing traditional groups were the techniques used in forming the groups. Each group has a leader possessing a functional mobile phone through which the head of extension unit of the ADP contact them for important messages that deserve immediate attention. Thus, the use of mobile phones facilitates communication and established reliable linkages between the extension and rural farmers. From the discussions, it was observed that, research and extension in Nigeria are currently using integrated ICTs in motivating farmers to adopt various innovations. However, the use of effective individual ICTs are relevant for extending messages to fa

Gettysburg: Movie and History Essay

The American Civil War has captured the imagination and the hopes and fears of the American people. It is the only major war fought within the borders of the United States. It was a bloody war fought during the time of President Lincoln, considered as the greatest President of the US. Gettysburg is the historical landmark where the result of the Civil War was decided. The Gettysburg movie was based on Michael Shaara’s novel â€Å"The Killer Angels. † It follows the events of the Battle of Gettysburg, which decided the turnout of the American Civil War. Ronald F. Maxwell directed the film. Gettysburg film is an important movie in that the National Park Service allowed, for the first time, a movie to film battle scenes on the very Gettysburg Battlefield. The movie needed thousands of people as volunteers for the battle scenes. As such, thousands of Americans participated in the battle scenes. Gettysburg was not very successful commercially in the theaters. But when it was released in VHS and DVD format, it gained popularity. The film also featured several appearances from media personalities such as Ted Turner, the media mogul and Ken Burns, a documentary writer and filmmaker. The film runs for an astounding 4 hours and 15 minutes. Synopsis of the Movie The Gettysburg film essentially chronicles the defense of Little Round Top as well as Pickett’s Charge. It portrays the chaos of the battlefield but presents clearly the strategy of the battle. The battle was for three days and the movie presented speeches of generals and officers as well as the personal reflections of the men in the battle. On the first day of battle, the movie focuses on John Buford as he selects the battlefield. On the second day, the scenes shift to the manner in which Joshua Chamberlain defended Little Round Top. On the evening of the second day, the army prepares for Pickett’s Charge. The movie presents different perspectives from both Confederates and Union soldiers and officers, thereby presenting a better view of the Civil from the trenches. Interestingly, the film also shows the different conflicts of soldiers such as Longstreet and Lee who differed on how to go on with the battle tactic. Armistead on the other hand is fighting against his own friend Hancock and the Chamberlain brothers. What Truly Happened at Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg claimed the most casualties during the American Civil War. During this war, the attack of Robert E. Lee with his Army of Northern Virginia was repulsed by Union Major Gen. George Gordon Meade with the Army of the Potomac. Gen. Lee positioned his army at Gettysburg. Confederate corps helped Lee’s forces and Union forces were forced back to retreat. The Union Army continued to suffer losses as Lee’s forces fought at the Light Round top, the Wheatfield, Peach Orchard, and Devil’s Den. In spite of these losses, the Union soldiers held their ground. The dramatic Pickett’s Charge with 12,500 Confederates attacked the Union line. Yet, with the rifles and the artillery of the Union soldiers, and the Confederates lost badly. With this defeat, Lee led the Confederate Army back to Virginia. More than 50,000 Americans fell on the fields of Gettysburg on that three-day war (Stackpole, 1956). Gettysburg: Movie and History The movie is historically accurate as it presents only the battle scenes of the American Civil War. Although it is difficult to verify some of the statements that the officers and generals uttered to their men, the overall effect still provides an accurate description of what truly happened during the Battle of Gettysburg. The movie presented an amazing flurry of battle scenes, dialog and military tactics in the film. Although the movie was a little too long, it was necessary to present the complexity, the confusion and the difficulties that soldiers faced at the trenches. What is lacking, however, is a deeper analysis of why the battle was fought and what its implications are in the American society. Perhaps the filmmakers left it to historians and to teachers to deal with the historical aspect of the film. Conclusion In terms of capturing the drama, the tension, and the chaos of the Battle of Gettysburg, the movie has succeeded. What it lacks in deeper historical analysis may be supplemented by historians and teachers. Students who will watch the film will come to appreciate history better and will develop a greater appreciation for Gettysburg and indirectly, for what Lincoln has brought to the American nation. Reference Stackpole, Gen. Edward J. , â€Å"They Met at Gettysburg†, Stackpole Books, 1956.

The Russian Revolution

a) From source A I can learn that the Tsar was incompetent and disorganised, as source A states â€Å"Nicholas II was very poorly prepared for the responsibilities of being the Tsar.†. I can also learn that due to the Tsars ignorance of politics and the people of Russia, he couldn't make the right decisions to help the country. Source A suggests that Tsar Nicholas II wasn't very popular, due to the fact he didn't know how to run the country or help the people in need of financial and medical support (the lower classes and peasants). I can also suggest from Source A that the whole country was in disarray, that no-one was equal because Tsar Nicholas II didn't know how to run the country or make the desperately needed decisions that would benefit the country as a whole. b) Source C and A support each other because both state that Tsar Nicholas II was unfit to reign Russia. They say that he was ignorant of the necessary knowledge required to rule the country, this ignorance was the key reason for his downfall. However they both differ slightly. Source C says that the fact Tsar Nicholas II was useless as a ruler was not his fault; he was apparently â€Å"intelligent, faithful and courageous† but was â€Å"wholly ignorant of government matters†. The source was taken out of the Tsars sisters' diary, so she, no matter how bad things got with the Tsar, would still stick up for him. Whereas Source A is taken from a textbook written about Russia, therefore they need not show any compassion for the Tsar so they can write just the facts. Source C and B support each other because in source C the Tsars sister says that the Tsar â€Å"was still popular in the years before 1914† and in source B it shows a photograph of Tsar Nicholas II with is many supporters celebrating the 300 years of rule of the Romanov family, showing that he still had support when the picture was taken in 1913. Source C and B differ from each other because in Source C, the Tsar's sister says that Nicholas wasn't a good ruler of Russia, and that he was trained as a soldier not as a statesman. Yet in Source B, he is shown surrounded by his many supporters cheering him and his whole family. Surely if they didn't like him then they wouldn't be happy he was in power, (however, there are probably only the upper classes involved in the celebration as the Tsar hasn't done anything to anger them whereas he didn't treat the lower classes well at all.) Overall I think that that Source A and C support each other the most as both say that the Tsar was incompetent as a ruler of Russia, and differ from each other only very slightly. Furthermore I think that Source B and C differ from each other the most because in Source C the Tsar's sister says that he wasn't a very good ruler and in Source B he is being shown as a great ruler surrounded by his cheering supporters. c) I can learn from source D that the way Tsar dealed with those who opposed his way of ruling the country was with violence and death. As Source D shows strikers killed by the police. This Source is reliable because it is a photograph, and you can see the workers â€Å"dead† on the ground and police members standing round them. It could be a hoax, with people pretending to be dead, but is highly unlikely to be one. I can learn from Source E that the people felt that the government was not making the right choices, and that they were being forced into forming revolutionary groups by the government. This source's reliability could be questioned as it was written by a party opposing the Tsar as a speech, so the aim of the speech was to turn people against the current Tsarist government and to support theirs. Also, as it was written as a speech its meant to persuade and motivate the listeners, so some aspects of it may have been exaggerated. Overall, I think that Source E is more useful in telling us how discontented the people were with the Tsarist government, as it's more detailed in its explanation and shows human emotion on the situation. However, I believe that Source D is the more reliable of the two as, because it's a photo, we can be sure the events captured on film actually happened.

Charismatic Authority Essays

Charismatic Authority Essays Charismatic Authority Paper Charismatic Authority Paper In his piece â€Å"Working Towards the Fuhrer†, Ian Kershaw details Adolf Hitler’s regime as being one of â€Å"charismatic authority†. Sociologist Max Weber defined this concept as resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him†. Over the course of his interpretation, Kershaw locks in on the concept that, unlike Stalin’s Russia, Nazi Germany could not exist without Hitler. To establish his point, Kershaw had to balance between some long held theories regarding the ruling style of Hitler.As noted in class, history has taken to describing Hitler as being uninterested in the daily affairs (particularly related to domestic ones) of Germany, at times being described as a lazy dictator and by Hans Mommsen as a â€Å"weak dictator†. While Kershaw’s piece does establish that he agrees with the depiction of Hitler being i ndifferent about daily affairs, it is clear that he does not support the notion that Hitler’s rule was weak in any way. To delineate the concept that Hitler was not interested in the daily affairs that typical authoritarian rulers might have, Kershaw uses several examples.Kershaw states â€Å"after 1933, as head of government he scarcely put pen to paper himself other than to sign legislation put in front of him by Lammers† (head of the Reich Chancellery). Another excerpt summarizes a day in the life of Hitler, essentially stating that he did not appear before lunch, only to review a few articles, then after lunch he would move on to recreational activities (films, walks) prior to and after dinner. Also included in this excerpt is Hitler’s disdain for paper work and more importantly, bureaucracy. Based on the above, one might wonder how any argument can be made to show Adolf Hitler to be a strong leader.The answer, according to Kershaw resides in the concept of â€Å"Working Towards the Fuhrer†. Beginning with the following quote from one of Hitler’s former adjutants, Kershaw begins to establish his point: â€Å"He took the view that many things sorted themselves out on their own if one did not interfere†. This philosophy runs parallel to many of Hitler’s other ideologies, all in some way rooted to Darwinism. In this case, Kershaw points out that Hitler’s non-interventionalist style as a dictator led him to wait for the best decision to come to the forefront from those who worked for him.Kershaw states that due to â€Å"his instinctive Darwinism†, Hitler was unable to choose a side in a dispute until a winner emerged. By using this concept, along with a comparison between Germany and Russia, Kershaw begins to establish his belief in Hitler’s tenure as one of â€Å"Charismatic Authority†. Kershaw is extremely effective in proving that Nazi Germany and Stalin’s Russia were more d ifferent than alike. To do so, he cites the â€Å"system† that was in place with Stalin. This system can be briefly described as having traditional bureaucratic qualities, clearly defined and logical goals, and the potential for a successor to be named after Stalin.In stark contrast to this, Germany under Hitler lacked any traditional bureaucratic qualities, an inability to settle into a conservative authoritarian state, or cease its need to dominate (among a string of goals that lacked boundaries). All of the above begin to shape Kershaw’s argument that Nazi Germany was incapable of reproducing itself without Hitler at the helm. It can be argued that Germans were more tied to Hitler than Germany itself. The country began to pursue the realization of ideological aims that were located within the person of Hitler.The fact that Nazi Germany lacked any structural order only served to advance the personal goals of Hitler. Essentially Hitler’s desire for radicalizati on became policy once those below him were given autonomy to carry out his will. As discussed in class, essentially everyone in Hitler’s regime reported directly up to him. Hitler encapsulated this by saying â€Å"For us the Idea is the Fuhrer, and each Party member has only to obey the Fuhrer†. As a byproduct of this, these individuals were given a certain level of autonomy in satisfying the Fuhrer’s demands.Hitler’s refusal to give edicts led to the concept of â€Å"Working Towards the Fuhrer† as a means to keep Germany in lockstep with the wishes of its leader. Werner Willikens, State Secretary in Prussian Agricultural Ministry, established this concept, stating that one should not wait for orders to come down from leadership. Instead, it is the duty of the individual to attempt to work towards the Fuhrer with Hitler’s spirit in mind. This level of autonomy is the impetus behind the extreme acts committed by Nazi Germany.Set out with a go al of national redemption achieved by racial purification and expansionism, those who worked to carry out Hitler’s will were given the power to do so by any means necessary. Just as Hitler’s goals were limitless, so too were the powers allowed to those attempting to achieve them. By 1938, Hitler became a force that could not be stopped due to his role as â€Å"Charismatic Authoritarian†. Essentially Germany became â€Å"the mission† and Hitler was the embodiment of â€Å"the mission†, as this concept â€Å"did not exist as a doctrine independent of the leader†.With those who supported him left to their own means to please him, one could argue that there were some elements of a polycratic agencies being employed to achieve Hitler’s goals. This led to further radicalization of Nazi policies, as all who worked toward the Fuhrer were left to interpret what means should be used to carry out their duties. Within the framework of the stateme nt above, Hitler took on the role of indirect leader of the radicalization. Being the only common link between its various parts, Hitler was the lynch pin of the entire system and was almost deified for it.Hitler took on a three-pronged role in this process: 1. Unifier: the common bond amongst all who sought to do his bidding 2. Activator: His â€Å"utopian† vision served as the catalyst that all underneath sought to achieve 3. Enabler: Hitler gave such vast autonomy to those working for him provided a rubber stamp and sanctioned any action taken that would be aligned with the ultimate goal, regardless of how inhumane or barbaric * As time progressed, Hitler became more of a symbol for the radicalization of policy, with those who â€Å"worked towards him† becoming the driving force.This concept is one of the vital conclusions that Kershaw makes to justify his point that, although not involved in day-to-day activity, Hitler should never be classified as a weak dictator. His charisma became the driving force for a legion of followers to do his bidding, even without the aid of direct orders other than to satisfy the mission. In addition to this, one could even argue that Hitler’s unwillingness to engage in daily affairs only enhanced his position by providing the autonomy he did to those who worked towards him.This created a feudal quality among those who competed for his attention, a Darwinist battle for who could achieve his goals more efficiently. * Based upon all of the above, it is difficult to disagree with Kershaw’s argument. His use of countless sources and documents to support his theory on every level make for a compelling argument, particularly related to the idea that Nazi Germany could never replicate itself without Hitler driving it. This to me is the essence of â€Å"Charismatic Authority†, the point that as the charisma dissipates, so too would the regime. * * * * * * *

Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology

Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology Inflectional morphology is  the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories. In comparison to many other languages, the inflectional system of Modern English is fairly limited.   Inflectional  morphology is customarily distinguished from derivational morphology (or word formation). As A.Y. Aikhenvald points out, Derivational morphology results in the creation of a new word with a new meaning. In contrast, inflectional morphology involves an obligatory grammatical specification characteristic of a word class (Typological Distinctions in Word-Formation in Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2007). This distinction, however, is not always clear-cut. Examples and Observations Inflectional Categories and Derivational CatgeoriesThe prototypical inflectional categories include number, tense, person, case, gender, and others, all of which usually produce different forms of the same word rather than different words. Thus leaf and leaves, or write and writes, or run and ran are not given separate headwords in dictionaries. Derivational categories, in contrast, do form separate words, so that leaflet, writer, and rerun will figure as separate words in dictionaries. In addition, inflectional categories do not, in general, alter the basic meaning expressed by a word; they merely add specifications to a word or emphasize certain aspects of its meaning. Leaves, for instance, has the same basic meaning as leaf, but adds to this the specification of multiple exemplars of leaves. Derived words, by contrast, generally denote different concepts from their base: leaflet refers to different things from leaf, and the noun writer calls up a somewhat different concept from th e verb to write.That said, finding a watertight cross-linguistic definition of inflectional which will let us classify every morphological category as either inflectional or derivational is not easy. . . . [W]e define inflection as those categories of morphology that are regularly responsive to the grammatical environment in which they are expressed. Inflection differs from derivation in that derivation is a lexical matter in which choices are independent of the grammatical environment.​(Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols, Inflectional Morphology. Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, 2nd ed., edited by Timothy Shopen. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Dictionaries and Inflectional Morphology[I]t is not correct to say that dictionaries never have anything to say about inflectional morphology. This is because there are two reasons why a word form such as pianists does not have to be listed, and these reasons are interdependent. The first is that, once we know that an English word is a noun denoting a kind of thing that can be counted (if the noun is pianist or cat, perhaps, but not astonishment or rice), then we can be confident that it will mean simply more than one X, whatever X may be. The second reason is that, unless otherwise specified, we can be confident that the plural form of any countable noun will be formed by adding to the singular form the suffix -s (or rather, the appropriate allomorph of this suffix); in other words, suffixing -s is the regular method of forming plurals.That qualification unless otherwise specified is crucial, however. Any native speaker of English, after a moments thought, should be able to think of at least two or three nouns that form their plural in some other way than by adding -s: for example, child has the plural form children, tooth has the plural teeth, and man has the plural men. The complete list of such nouns in English is not long, but it includes some that are extremely common. What this means for the dictionary entries for child, tooth, man and the others is that, although nothing has to be said about either the fact that these nouns possess a plural form or about what it means, something does have to be said about how the plural is formed.(Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh University Press, 2002) Eight Regular Morphological InflectionsThere are eight regular morphological inflections, or grammatically marked forms, that English words can take: plural, possessive, third-person singular present tense, past tense, present participle, past participle, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Most have phonologically sensitive realizations. . . .Modern English has relatively few morphological inflections in comparison with Old English or with other European languages. The inflections and word-class clues that do remain help the listener process incoming language.(Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna M. Brinton, and Janet M. Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, 1996)Irregular Inflectional MorphologyThe so-called irregular inflectional morphology or morphological processes (such as internal vowel change or ablaut (sing, sang, sung)) today represent limited historical remnants of former grammatical inflectional systems which were probably semantically based and are now acquired lexically for frequently used lexical items rather than as grammatical systems (Tobin 1993:Ch. 12).​(Yishai Tobin, Phonology as Human Behavior: Inflectional Systems in English. Advances in Functional Linguistics: Columbia School Beyond Its Origins, ed. by Joseph Davis, Radmila J. Gorup, and Nancy Stern. John Benjamins, 2006)

Administration and Politics Dichotomy Research Paper

Administration and Politics Dichotomy - Research Paper Example He came up with this theory because of the increased rate of corruption, urbanization and migration. He thought that jobs were given out to people who were under-qualified for public service jobs, which resulted to more inabilities. That is why he wanted to discover what a government could do more efficiently and in what ways without any involvement from the politics. In his investigation he figured the existence of politics and administration distinction which became known as â€Å"politic- administration dichotomy†. He thought that politics should only determine what government should do by the elected persons and administration should be responsible to put these policies to work by the civil servants. (Overeem, 2012) In my opinion Wilson’s theory has proved workable for politics being the expression of policies for the well-being of the nation and its people and administration being the body for executing these policies in the best possible way. It has proved to be practical in the United States which helped the US to move from a rural agricultural society to an industrial nation. Although some have contradictory believes about this study can work very well in a small town where day to day managerial decisions are taken by the community or the aldermen of the society, who are also law-makers of the community, whereas this form of government cannot work on one coming out of a dictatorship, communism and socialism and is known as a third-world nation. One advantage of administration-politics dichotomy is that administrative matters and decisions would not be driven by politics. Although politics provides work to administration but it should not be able to make it do what it wants and should not affect laws and regulations. The purpose of politics is to provide guidance to the public administrations, it’s their job to be the voice for the public and make it heard by the administrators. Whereas, the job of a

Care of Vulnerable people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Care of Vulnerable people - Essay Example One of the reasons that might result in schizophrenia are genes associated with the family where the man comes from, which caused alteration of the brain structure. Secondly, the man can be born with a risk of developing mental illness when he attempts to use harmful drugs such as illicit drugs. Often, depressions such as family tensions may cause mental illness to be developed by the persons (Calder, 2010). This condition of schizophrenia is of priority to the country so much since it needs to intervene by ensuring there is education regarding those who have this kind of mental illness. The patient may recover as he can learn topics that enable him to adapt to changes needed to manage the disease and acquires life skills. It is a concern of the government since it hires the personnel (Lambert, Naber & Killackey, 2012). Nurses also play the important roles in efforts of fighting against schizophrenia. One of the roles is that they give patients medicines that decrease symptoms by equalizing the chemical in the brain. The nurses also offer support to the affected (Frank & Cobb, 2005). Vulnerability is defined both as psychological and physiological. Psychological vulnerability is a trend of developing panic disorder over harmful occasions or even additional alerts that arise from experiences, which have predictions and control. Biological vulnerability is a tendency of a body of a person to be neurobiological much reactive to stress. This client diagnosed with schizophrenia is at a high risk since they exhibit a greater frequency neurological signs, which are not accurate at an early development of the children of the affected parents. Risk is the chances of having effects such as illness to occur as a result of physical or biological factors over a specified period. On the other hand, resilience is the ability of someone to adapt to depressions and stress in a proper way. Risk increases high chances of